All posts in History

George Washington’s Thanksgiving Proclamation

Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington

Here it is in its entirety, ver­ba­tim from the original -

Gen­eral Thanks­giv­ing
By the PRESIDENT of the United States Of Amer­ica
A PROCLAMATION

WHEREAS it is the duty of all nations to acknowl­edge the prov­i­dence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grate­ful for His ben­e­fits, and humbly to implore His pro­tec­tion and favour; and Whereas both Houfes of Con­gress have, by their joint com­mit­tee, requefted me “to rec­om­mend to the peo­ple of the United States a DAY OF PUBLICK THANSGIVING and PRAYER, to be observed by acknowl­edg­ing with grate­ful hearts the many and sig­nal favors of Almighty God, espe­cially by afford­ing them an oppor­tu­nity peace­ably to eftablifh a form of gov­ern­ment for their safety and happiness:”

NOW THEREFORE, I do rec­om­mend and affign THURSDAY, the TWENTY-SIXTH DAY of NOVEMBER next, to be devoted by the peo­ple of thefe States to the fer­vice of that great and glo­ri­ous Being who is the benef­i­cent author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be; that we may then all unite in ren­der­ing unto Him our fin­cere and hum­ble thanks­for His kind care and pro­tec­tion of the peo­ple of this coun­try pre­vi­ous to their becom­ing a nation; for the fig­nal and man­i­fold mer­cies and the favor­able inter­pofi­tions of His prov­i­dence in the courfe and con­clu­fion of the late war; for the great degree of tran­quil­ity, union, and plenty which we have fince enjoyed;– for the peace­able and ratio­nal man­ner in which we have been enable to eftab­lish Con­fti­tu­tions of gov­ern­ment for our fafety and hap­pinefs, and par­tic­u­larly the national one now lately insti­tuted;– for the civil and reli­gious lib­erty with which we are bleffed, and the means we have of acquir­ing and dif­fuf­ing use­ful knowl­edge;– and, in gen­eral, for all the great and var­i­ous favours which He has been pleafed to con­fer upon us.

And also, that we may then unite in moft humbly offer­ing our prayers and fup­pli­ca­tions to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and befeech Him to par­don our national and other tran­f­gr­ef­fions;– to enable us all, whether in pub­lick or pri­vate fta­tions, to per­form our feveral and rel­a­tive duties prop­erly and punc­tu­ally; to ren­der our National Gov­ern­ment a bleff­ing to all the peo­ple by con­f­tantly being a Gov­ern­ment of wife, juft, and con­fti­tu­tional laws, difcreetly and faith­fully exe­cuted and obeyed; to pro­tect and guide all fov­er­eigns and nations (espe­cially fuch as have shewn kind­nefs unto us); and to blefs them with good gov­ern­ments, peace, and con­cord; to pro­mote the knowl­edge and prac­tice of true reli­gion and virtue, and the increafe of fcience among them and us; and, gen­er­ally to grant unto all mankind fuch a degree of tem­po­ral prof­per­ity as he alone knows to be beft.

GIVEN under my hand, at the city of New-York, the third day of Octo­ber, in the year of our Lord, one thou­sand feven hun­dred and eighty-nine.

(signed) G. Washington

Elijah McCoy, Lewis Latimer and Granville Woods: African-American Inventors of the 19th Century — A Postscript

I got my paper back from Dr. Sul­li­van the other night. For some rea­son, as with every­thing in this class the past semes­ter, I’ve been a tad ner­vous when receiv­ing some­thing back that has been graded; it’s just a thing with me, I don’t know why I’m appre­hen­sive about it. And when I got my paper back I saw at the top the grade — a 75. Wow. C+. Awesome…for real.

No, it wasn’t awe­some. It was kinda sucky.

But then I remem­bered that Dr. Sul­li­van has kind of a screwy grad­ing scheme, 100 isn’t always the top score that you can get, so I asked some­one, “What was the top score you could get on this paper?” And they replied, “Seventy-five.”

So I got an A+, a 100%, or as I said, “a per­fect,” and it only took about two weeks and some furi­ous editing.

And he said -

Excel­lent paper. I like the way you pre­sented the three inven­tors in the con­text of a broader pic­ture of inven­tion — and its influ­ence within the African-American experience.

And I feel good about the paper. Very good.

Elijah McCoy, Lewis Latimer and Granville Woods: African-American Inventors of the 19th Century — Part 6 — How They Made a Difference and Conclusion

The IBM Personal Computer of 1981

Each of the men dis­cussed in this paper made a rather remark­able con­tri­bu­tion to the sci­en­tific pur­suits, some more last­ing than oth­ers. McCoy’s inven­tion has prob­a­bly been the one with the longest-lasting sig­nif­i­cance. As was true then, if you don’t lubri­cate an engine it will quit work­ing from the fric­tion. All engines, whether they are auto­mo­bile, air­plane or boat, must be lubri­cated in order to remain func­tional. McCoy’s drip cup became the basis for the self-lubricating engines of mod­ern times.

Woods’ Syn­chro­nous Mul­ti­plex Rail­way Tele­graph brought effi­ciency and safety to rail travel at a time when train col­li­sions could be com­mon. With the inven­tion of the tele­phone and fur­ther advance­ments in com­mu­ni­ca­tions tech­nol­ogy, the tele­graph became an anti­quated means of com­mu­ni­ca­tion. Although obso­lete on its own, his inven­tion was one of a seri­ous of steps into a wider world of com­mu­ni­ca­tion that we use today.

Latimer’s inven­tion set the stan­dard in light­ing for the 25 years that fol­lowed. In 1904 William D. Coolidge devel­oped an incan­des­cent light bulb using tung­sten, which extended bulb life far beyond Latimer’s carbon-filament bulb.
Con­tinue reading →

Elijah McCoy, Lewis Latimer and Granville Woods: African-American Inventors of the 19th Century — Part 5 — The Fruit of Their Labor

Grave of Woods

While McCoy’s inven­tions earned mil­lions of dol­lars in profit, lit­tle of that money found its way into his pock­ets. Because he lacked the finan­cial back­ing to man­u­fac­ture his lubri­ca­tors him­self in large num­bers he sold many of his patent rights to investors. In return for this he was given only small amounts that allowed him to con­tinue his research. McCoy was awarded at least 72 patents dur­ing his long life­time but retained own­er­ship of only a few of them. Per­son­ally, he had hap­pi­ness mar­ried to his wife Mary Eleanor for 50 years. At the end of his life McCoy he suf­fered from hyper­ten­sion and senile demen­tia. He died in an infir­mary in Eloise, Michi­gan, on Octo­ber 10, 1929.15

Woods remained an inde­pen­dent inven­tor his entire life, always remain­ing out­side of the tech­no­log­i­cal main­stream of Bell and Edi­son. The never end­ing scourge of his life became hav­ing to con­stantly defend his patents in court. As peo­ple of the time were always invent­ing it was nat­ural that sev­eral peo­ple could come up with the same idea at roughly the same time. Because of this, the major­ity of Woods’ money went to fight­ing legal dis­putes. After years of being des­ti­tute and pen­ni­less he suf­fered a stroke on Jan­u­ary 30, 1910 at Harlem Hos­pi­tal in New York City – killing him at the young age of 53. Despite his great suc­cess as an inven­tor and amass­ing over 60 patents in total, he had lit­tle to show for it. His sim­ple ground-level head­stone in East Elmhurst, New York reads “Granville T. Woods, Esq, 1856–1910, Elec­tri­cian — Inven­tor.”16
Con­tinue reading →