The First Supreme Court Case
In all matters constitutional, the Supreme Court rules on the laws of the land. As of now, Chief Justice John Roberts presides over a court consisting of himself, John Paul Stevens, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer and Samuel Alito. It was under John Jay1 that the first substantial case was decided by the Court.
In 1792, Alexander Chisholm of South Carolina, the executor of the estate of Robert Farquhar, attempted to sue the state of Georgia in the Supreme Court over payments due them for goods that Farquhar had supplied Georgia during the American Revolutionary War. In 1793, U.S. Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued the case for the plaintiff before the Court in “Chisholm v. Georgia”. Georgia refused to appear, claiming that as a “sovereign,” a state did not have to appear in court to hear a suit against it to which it did not consent.
The Court, in a 4–1 decision, found in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice Jay concurring with Justices Blair, Wilson, and Cushing2, with Justice James Iredell dissenting.3 The Court argued that Article 3, Section 2 of the Constitution abrogated the States’ sovereign immunity and granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and States.
In 1795, largely as a result of the Chisolm decision, the Eleventh Amendment was ratified, which removed federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state or foreign countries attempt to sue another state. However, citizens of one state or foreign countries can still use the Federal courts if the state consents to be sued or if Congress, pursuant to a valid exercise of Fourteenth Amendment remedial powers, abrogates the states’ immunity from suit.4
- Jay was nominated in 1789 by President George Washington as the first Chief Justice of the United States. He presided over the court until 1795 and was instrumental in establishing the internal procedures of the Supreme Court and setting legal precedents. [↩]
- That would be John Blair, James Wilson and William Cushing. [↩]
- The Court has fluctuated in membership size over the course of the history of the United States. The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the size originally at 6, but it was as high as 10 in 1863. With the Circuit Judges Act of 1869, the number of Justices was again set at nine (the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices), where it has remained ever since. [↩]
- The facts for this piece come from Ask Yahoo! and Oyez! The U.S. Supreme Court Media site. [↩]